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Open admission peer-reviewed chapter

Introducing Park Facilities and Novelties to Back up Private's Intention to (Re)Visit

Submitted: Feb 27th, 2020 Reviewed: June 8th, 2020 Published: July sixth, 2020

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.93135

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Abstract

Many developed countries have recognized the importance of public parks in sustainable development of cities as they assistance minimizing the negative impact of urbanization. Developing countries, on the other hand, are facing problems such as lack of public awareness and inadequate facilities for sports and social activities to concenter visitors to public parks, which positively affect the social and psychological human well-being. Parks are venues that enable people of all age groups to engage in different activities with family and friends and connect with nature. While planning a city development, policy makers should consider new findings in the area of brownfield regeneration, to use the existing land more efficiently and ensure public acceptance of the proposed projects. This chapter contains five sections. Section one gives an introduction to land apply challenges faced by policy makers, brownfield sites, and stimulus that motivate people to utilize public parks. In Section 2, the importance of urban parks to human health and central elements to achieve urban sustainability are presented. Section iii introduces novelty among park facilities. Section 4 gives an example of a landfill-to-park transformation. Section 5 summarizes policy suggestions for decision makers to increase their focus on the importance of parks.

Keywords

  • greenery areas
  • physical health
  • environment
  • recreation
  • novel park facilities

1. Introduction

Managing country represents a big claiming for city planners and policy makers, for instance, in Bharat [1, 2], Vietnam [three], Sri Lanka [4], Commonwealth of australia [five], Germany [6], Japan [7], and Southward Africa [8]. Given the current class and futurity tendency in increasingly dynamic urbanized areas that are facing the lack of buildable land, the orientation is expected to shift towards the existing surfaces, which includes brownfields. The definition of a brownfield is found in Public Police force 107–118 (H.R. 2869): "The term 'brownfield site' means real belongings, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Cleaning upwardly and reinvesting in these properties protects the environment, reduces blight, and takes evolution pressures off greenspaces and working lands" [9].

According to the brownfield regeneration approach and urban planning development, for instance, old landfills can be converted into useful sites at the end of their functional life since landfills are conveniently located near major transportation routes and other major infrastructure in urban areas. In such a state of affairs, alternative landfill conversions are possible, including but not express to building parks, solar panels, residential buildings, malls, golf courses, dirt BMX bike tracks, or combined development [10, xi].

Co-ordinate to the literature, policy makers are suggested to organize environmental education programs [12] and brand all-encompassing improvements in facilities for college satisfaction of visitors [13]. Numerous examples demonstrate successful conversions of quondam landfills ( Table one ) into recreational parks, such as Flushing Meadows (New York, USA), Mt. Trashmore (Virginia, USA), Freshkills Park (New York, USA), Cesar Chavez Park (Berkley, U.s.a.), Sai Tso Wan Recreation Footing (Hong Kong), Pulau Semakau (Singapore), Port Sunlight River Park (Birkenhead, U.k.), Hiriya Park (Tel-Aviv, Israel), and so forth. Thus, information technology seems that the option of building recreational parks after closing erstwhile municipal landfills could prove to exist a promising measure, based on previous enquiry literature on the redevelopment potentials of landfills [14, 15, 16, 17] and the making of urban green space strategies [18, 19].

Landfill site Existing and proposed afteruse
Shuen Wan A 145-bay golf driving range has been opened for apply by the public since April 1999. For details, delight click Golf Driving Range at Shuen Wan. The development of golf course is existence planned
Sai Tso Wan Sai Tso Wan Recreation Ground for soccer and baseball. For details, please click Sai Tso Wan Recreation Ground
Gin Drinkers Bay The Hong Kong Jockey Club International BMX Park situated on the Gin Drinkers Bay Landfill was opened in October 2009. For details, please click Hong Kong Jockey Club International BMX Park. Another portion of the site has been allocated to the Hong Kong Cricket Clan for development of temporary cricket grounds
Jordan Valley Hashemite kingdom of jordan Valley Park was opened to public in August 2010
The Park is featured with a radio-controlled model car racing excursion, horticultural education heart, community garden, children'due south play areas, elderly exercise corner, jogging track, etc. For details, please click Jordan Valley Park
Ngau Chi Wan Ngau Chi Wan Park was fully opened to public in Sept 2010 (its first phase opened in Aug 2009). The Park is featured with archery field, jogging trail, elderly fitness corners, children'south play areas, basketball court, etc. For details, please click Ngau Chi Wan Park
Ma Yau Tong Primal Part of the site adjacent to the existing Lam Tin Park has been developed into a sitting-out area in January 2011
Ma Yau Tong West Role of the site has been developed into a sitting-out area in September 2011
Tseung Kwan O Phase I Waterfront of the former Tseung Kwan O Stage I Landfill was adult into a cycle track cum footpath and was opened to the public in June 2012
Tseung Kwan O Phase II/III In 2005, acme platform of the former Tseung Kwan O Stage Phase Two/3 Landfill had been adult into a model airplane preparation field for the Hong Kong Air Cadet Crops to use during weekends and public holidays. Information technology is now used as a training field of unmanned aerial vehicle for land surveying
Colonnade Point Valley Part of the site has been adult into a shooting range in July 2016
Ma Tso Lung For recreational utilize by Tung Wah Group of Hospitals
Siu Lang Shui Currently equally greenish zone
Ngau Tam Mei Currently every bit light-green zone

Table one.

Examples of culling landfill reuse scenarios.

It is very possible that in modern dense urban areas, old landfills may end upward being the only available, big, and open locations to build new public parks. Their conversions present a keen opportunity to right the negative perception of dumps and the incessant patterns of environmental injustice. There are around 500,000 landfills in Europe [20], with the number of landfill sites increasing constantly. Therefore, they nowadays a huge futurity potential, and their afteruse plan should be taken into consideration.

10 percent of the total waste generated in the Eu is municipal, and 23% of the generated municipal solid waste material was landfilled, a practice being particularly popular in SE Europe [21]. Twelve countries landfill almost one-half of their municipal waste product: Malta, Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Croatia, Latvia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Spain, Hungary, Czechia, and Portugal. With new policies and technologies, old landfills can be turned into beautiful sceneries, renewable free energy, and building materials. Burying rubbish and keeping it in the ground stand for environmental and financial cost. The country tin can be successfully reused, and waste can be mined for metals used to create fuel for employ in cars, homes, or industrial plants. The problem of land reuse used to exist applied science, only now it is the lack of noesis, which created fear amongst the people. Landfill conversions are generally unfavorably perceived, as many people are fearful that the local environs and quality of life will be negatively affected. As this fright is based on emotional rather than scientific information, inquiry is expected to play a crucial part in educating people to support state recovery projects in the futurity.

Since residential development cannot have place for longer period due to the possibility of gas escaping (which is safe as long as they are not in confined spaces), using the municipal waste landfill site for recreational purposes is recommended. Parks as leisure services wait for ways to differentiate themselves through the creation of their concrete surroundings to attract visitors and stimulate repeated visitations. In order to succeed, regular refreshing of the facilities is required [22], which represents a huge financial burden for park owners. Therefore, renewal schemes based on objective rather than subjective assessments should be employed. According to empirical results, the higher the level of shopping values, the stronger their intention to revisit [23]. In that sense, it is suggested to introduce distinctive attributes in new parks that will exist recognized as improvements and thus stimulate visitations. The conclusions of this chapter were based on the relevant literature key components of the surroundings and how customers perceive it.

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2. Urban parks

Urban parks are a valuable municipal source of and a key chemical element for city sustainability, as they are able to facilitate proper land resource allocation for citizens then as to run across their recreational demands and play other social functions as well [24]. They are fundamental to social and psychological well-being of urban center residents [25]. It has been proven that staying in urban greenery areas, like parks and forests, has positive and restorative effects on people'southward mood, peacefulness, concentration, and stress release [26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. Urban parks contribute to the beautification of the urban center and accept positive effects on ecology quality, including air freshness, carbon sequestration, h2o purity, equally well as biodiversity. They thus improve city dwellers' overall quality of life in areas including physical health, social cohesion, tourism, and consequently employment and revenues [eighteen, 31, 32, 33, 34]. Furthermore, dark-green spaces can act as leisure, sport, and recreational resource, reducing criminal and antisocial behavior as well as cut down on obesity, since such spaces encourage physical fitness and practice [35, 36, 37, 38].

Parks equally facility-driven leisure venues look for ways to differentiate themselves through the creation of their physical surroundings. Co-ordinate to empirical results, park visitors perceive concrete surroundings as novel. The higher the level of shopping values, the stronger their intention to revisit. In that sense, information technology is suggested to introduce distinctive attributes in new recreational venues that will exist recognized as improvements and thus stimulate visitations (e.chiliad., giant slide, graffiti, swings, tree-lined path, BMX tracks, skate bowl).

ii.ane Urban sustainability

Due to the global climate change, sustainable management became 1 of the key elements to achieve urban sustainability. The about recent findings in the field of waste management [39, forty, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45] were collected and summarized in a list of challenges that policy makers should have into consideration:

  • Technical integration and social acceptability are the critical aspects that accelerate municipal solid waste (MSW) management.

  • Novel technology to be implemented.

  • Environmental educational programs, actions, and projects to boost virtuous circle.

  • Developing a civilization of environmental protection.

  • Integrated waste direction has the best environmental impact.

  • Zero-waste circular economy perception.

  • Important role of waste pickers.

  • Life bicycle methods for decision-making improvement.

  • Regulatory pressures to enhance smart waste matter direction.

  • Different locations/cities focus on different frameworks when dealing with specific ecology concerns.

  • Social outcome discovered to be the main factor that reduces MSW direction sustainability.

The same challenges/suggestions were drawn from studies that dealt with the concept of solid waste product. The term "solid waste" implies all the waste product which excludes liquid residues and airborne emissions [46, 47]. Given the different location of landfills around the world and the corresponding geoclimatic and technological characteristics, we acknowledge that a MSW direction pattern to follow does non exist. However, if like atmospheric condition are met, policies can be replicated or used every bit benchmarks.

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3. Novelty among park facilities

To perceive a production every bit new, an observer has to experience a sure level of modify to his present knowledge. In that sense, radically new and incrementally new tin can exist distinguished, where the first one involves a revolutionary change to present knowledge and the latter but a small-scale improvement or adjustment to present noesis [48]. When there is a perceptible difference between the old and the new, the accented threshold of newness occurs. For it to exist axiomatic, the initial stimulus must be stronger than the subsequent one [49]. Recognizing the extent to which novelty is incorporated within a service from the consumer point of view tin can assist parks owners, investors, or assistants avoid unsound assumptions, especially in terms of how innovative the consumer perceives a product or a service and, based on that, makes his decision. Information technology is important to point out that the newness and novelty arise from the observer or from products and services [50] that have to hold a new dimension relative to previous or other products/services, for example, a new roller coaster, a painted wall, or a new archway gate.

In terms of atmospherics, the most commonly used model is Bitner's servicescape model with three dimensions of concrete surroundings: ambient conditions, space/part, and signs, symbols and artifacts [51]. However, in the example of leisure "built environments" like parks, being renewable and visible are the necessary components of physical environs [52]. Wakefield and Blodgett suggested five dimensions to appraise the impact of physical components of the servicescape on consumer behavior in leisure environment (sport stadiums, recreation centers, and theaters). They are as follows: facility esthetics, spatial layout and placement, seating comfort, electronic equipment and brandish, and cleanliness. Every bit suggested past the aforementioned authors, (theme) park managers may consider regular renewals of physical surroundings by adjusting the esthetic of the facility and layout and placement to intensify visitor perceptions of the quality of the concrete surrounding.

To draw visitor perceptions of park physical surroundings, researchers of consumption experiences unremarkably use the term "shopping values" [53], with utilitarian and hedonic perspectives [54]. If a service has a utilitarian value, information technology is essentially goal-oriented and functional, and the utilitarian value is adamant when the consumption need is realized, which stimulated the shopping in the first place. Services with hedonic value, on the other hand, are more than subjective and personal, experiential, and symbolic, and they arouse fun and excitement [55].

The consumer can positively and negatively react to the surroundings. When it comes to leisure service facilities, the consumer volition experience greater satisfaction when the surrounding aspects (eastward.thousand., ornament and architecture) convey a higher esthetic sense. To measure the perception of the newness of physical surroundings for repeat visitors, the concrete surroundings should be perceptible, accept gone through renovation, and capable of renewal, and the novelty should be visible [23].

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4. Landfill-to-park transformation: An example of Jakuševec landfill in Zagreb, Republic of croatia

Republic of croatia faced the issue of state reuse recently while considering closure and transformation of Jakuševec-Prudinec landfill (hereinafter Jakuševec) in Zagreb ( Figure 1 ). The suggestions of country utilise alternatives for the detail site are related to leisure services that encourage physical fettle and exercise [56].

Effigy 1.

Study site location and the layout of Zagreb. Source: Geoportal of the state geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia, 2018.

The closure of Jakuševec was announced years ago and had been spurring on residents' dissatisfaction ever since, in particular, the dissatisfaction of residents living in the immediate vicinity of the site. The management of the landfill, orchestrated by a city-owned company named ZGOS Ltd., carried out landfill remediation in 2003 and suggested Dec 31, 2018, every bit the starting appointment for waste material disposal cessation processes [57]. The Jakuševec landfill was established in 1965 and has gradually led to meaning negative environmental impacts on its surrounding regions. Statistical surveys indicate that just upward to the showtime of the 1990s, the landfill has occupied and polluted most ane million m3 of soil (soil fabric) and seriously jeopardized the quality of groundwater intended for drinking [58]. The groundwater pollution line has been spreading eastward, peculiarly in times of changing hydrodynamic conditions in the aquifer, which further increases business organisation amongst the citizens.

This is 1 of the seldom case studies in developing and pocket-sized countries such every bit Croatia that supports brownfield regeneration, a new sustainable urban evolution planning method that functions by proposing a land use transformation based on a nonmarket valuation (NMV) method. This report addresses several questions based on a conducted survey, where the company's intention to visit recreational parks in the futurity is ane of them. Similar to Kountouris, Nakic, and Sauer [59], specific timing was used to collect data. According to Latinopoulos, Mallios, and Latinopoulos [60], survey data may be considered every bit a form of public investment at an early phase of planning, which is likely to better the public acceptance of the proposed projects. The suggestions made based on the enquiry results should exist of interest to researchers and policy makers looking for a style to innovate parks to exist created from old landfills. Information technology should be highlighted that this study effort is not a common practice in this part of Europe, where people have a certain measure of distrust and fearfulness of certain types of government policies.

Based on public park visitation trends and tourism trends in the city of Zagreb [61], equally well as the data obtained by the contingent valuation method (CVM) survey [56], the hypothetical recreational park atop the current landfill is expected to be well-nigh visited by local citizens, domestic tourists, and foreign tourists, respectively. Equally much as 96% of the respondents are willing to visit the park in the time to come. The respondents' gender ratio is 33:67 between males and females. The dominant age group is 30–49 years (42.8%), whereas the other two age groups were distributed evenly. 42% of respondents are unmarried and 39% of respondents are married. According to these study results, the bulk of respondents concur a master'south or college university degree (62.4%). Only 8.9% hold a bachelor'due south degree as the highest level of didactics, and 28.9% of respondents graduated from high school. More than half of the respondents (54.2%) earn HRK5,000–x,000 every month, which corresponds to the average of a net monthly salary in Croatia for September 2019—HRK6,418 [62]. 38.vii% of respondents earn less than HRK5,000, and 7% of respondents earn more than than HRK10,000.

In regard to travel habits, 62% of respondents visit public parks monthly or during holidays, whereas 22% of them go more frequently, on a weekly basis. Their main ways of transportation is personal vehicle (48%), followed past public transportation (18.5%), wheel (16.2%), and walking (14%). In the example of purpose of visiting a park, 46.9% of respondents consider fresh air as the main purpose of visit, and 13.7% say information technology is sightseeing, followed by 12.2% of respondents that written report natural resources (12.ii%) as the chief purpose of their visit. The respondents spend HRK11.89 on average when visiting a park.

Ii of the questions in the CVM survey were presented with pictures in colour for better understanding, as they were related to perceived experience with regard to the status of the current landfill ( Effigy 2 , Table 2 ). According to results, 49.4% are moderately enlightened of the condition of the area around the landfill, thirteen.3% take never seen it, and 37.3% are well aware of information technology. When information technology comes to the respondents' perceived experience with respect to the landfill-park conversion, the majority cannot look to enjoy the new park (54.2%), 38.7% are more focused on the landfill being closed, and but 7% welcome the project as they assume it will help in reducing the crowd in other parks. In regard to desired conversion of Jakuševec landfill, 131 respondents (48.three%) said that they would like to see a recreational park built, 78 respondents (28.8%) prefer a theme park, and 50 respondents (18.5%) would like to come across a woods, whereas real estate land for commercial development and other was answered past 4 people (1.five%) for each of the categories.

Figure 2.

Visitor's perceived feel.

Demographic variable Frequency %
Perceived experience with regard to the status of the area around Jakuševec
"Have never seen information technology" 36 thirteen.3
"Moderately aware of it" 134 49.iv
"I have seen it many times" 101 37.iii
Perceived experience with regard to conversion of Jakuševec landfill to a recreational park
"Finally the landfill is closed" 105 38.7
"Less crowd in other parks" 19 7
"Cannot wait to enjoy the new park" 147 54.2

Table 2.

Perceived feel of visitors with regard to the status of Jakuševec landfill.

The foregoing findings provide the following conclusions and suggestions for this potential land use transformation from landfill to a city recreational park in the city of Zagreb. First, converting the waste landfill site to a recreational park perhaps is one of the best choices. This is aligned with the Spatial Plan of the City of Zagreb and the concept Zagreb on Sava [63], which aims at redesigning the Sava river banks to exist stretched from Slovenia to Republic of croatia (Sisak) in order to all-time serve citizens' recreational and leisure activities. Thus, it is foreseeable that the strategy of ceasing the current landfill operations and converting it into a recreational park in Zagreb seems to fit the city'due south overall mural design. Second, besides trees, flowers, and other types of fauna and flora, it may be beneficial to add more products and services to the park including to encourage park (re)visitations amidst different age groups. 3rd, the performance of parks can be improved past using a combination of newer physical surroundings together with promotional activities. 4th, physical environs or attributes that contribute to consumers' perception and consumption experience possess (i) commonsensical value, namely, goal-oriented, functional, and instrumental, and (ii) hedonic value, related to the firsthand personal satisfaction gained from emotional benefits provided by consumption experience. Fifth, newness and novelty can be influenced by different factors such as the time interval between 2 visits, the duration of the trip, the periodicity of service usage, and individual perceptual abilities. Finally, the study results contribute both theoretical and empirical literature credible solutions for efficient landfill conversions, nonmarket resource management, waste management, ecology protection, and novelties amid park facilities and payment vehicles [64]. The model presented here can be used as an example for whatsoever projects that crave a toll–benefit analysis of nonmarket valuation to convalesce policy evolution for the management of public resource and financial sustainability at both local and national levels.

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5. Policy suggestions

Information technology is crucial to notice that just participation and awareness from the beginning of a policy planning can end up in public credence [65]. After developing a policy, an effective implementation has to take place. In order to achieve its goal, a policy-to-implementation process should include the following steps: constructing operational rules and guidelines; organizing and allocating human being and financial resource effectively; applying monitoring organisation for all-level-policy and program decisions; setting upward a multi-directional feedback process for beneficiaries, implementers, and policy makers; establishing follow-up mechanisms to ensure compliance with policy; and introducing a policy implementation evaluation system. In terms of ecology protection, new (or altering existing) environmental regulations and control systems that will have an upshot on the activities that are subject to information technology should exist developed. Therefore, it is critical to develop an overall strategy for compliance and enforcement.

Several suggestions in terms of landfill-park conversions for decision makers were derived:

  • Landfills should exist inexpensive to buy, gratuitous of charge, or supported by loans, subsidies, or grants, as their conversion and maintenance costs are high.

  • Different financial models should be created for different conversions.

  • Conversion and maintenance costs can be shared by the former landfill owner and the new possessor.

  • The closure and the new utilise of a site have to be well researched and planned and supported by standard regulations issued past environmental protection agencies to adequately address gas production and ground settlement issues.

  • The municipality or other legal entities should assist these kinds of projects, financially or in any other way that will make them a reality.

Later on developing a policy, an effective implementation has to take place in order to successfully attain intended results [66]. Policies require various inputs to reach their goals [66]: articulate implementation plans, strong leadership, cross-sectoral stakeholder involvement, adequate resources, and effective monitoring systems. In platonic circumstances, the following sequence would be:

  1. Policies would be translated into effective operational rules and guidelines.

  2. Resource, namely, homo and financial, would be allocated and organized efficiently.

  3. Monitoring systems would be applied for all-level-policy and plan decisions.

  4. A multi-directional feedback process would be established for beneficiaries, implementers, and policy makers.

  5. Follow-up mechanisms would be set to ensure compliance with policy guidelines (e.grand., national monitoring board or sanctions for noncompliance).

  6. Policy implementation evaluation organisation should be introduced.

Policy problems may appear throughout the unabridged policy-to-activity continuum, which is the reason why it is essential to empathize the nature of policy implementation [67]. In that aspect, a primal capability for policy makers is the ability to address the barriers to policy implementation.

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6. Conclusions

Sites such as landfills, decommissioned creature feedlots, and manufacturing plants plant a challenging trouble faced past city management, especially for regions and locations which have limited land areas to be utilized for such a purpose. The challenges come from the constraints of the state space and from finding proper land apply alternatives afterward it becomes decommissioned. To ensure an efficient utilization of country recovery find out the best land use alternatives, the determination makers should make sure to assess the economic value to exist potentially accrued past the recovered resources or past the potential consumers who are straight affected by the land recovery strategies. The Jakuševec landfill-park conversion suggested in this chapter represents a groovy opportunity to become a relevant example to like scenarios in the futurity.

Urban parks are central to social and psychological well-being of metropolis residents and a key component for metropolis sustainability. While parks contribute to the beautification of the city and take positive effects on environmental quality, spending time in parks has restorative effect on people's mood and stress release. Based on empirical results and relevant literature in fundamental components of surroundings and how customers perceive it [23, 51, 52, 68], several conclusions are fatigued:

  • Physical environment that are near normally recognized to take an impact on consumers' perception of quality and behavioral intentions include special layout and placement, ambience conditions, facility esthetics, cleanliness, and electronic equipment and display.

  • At that place is a pregnant impact of novel physical environs on revisitation behaviors, and other studies written report that relationship can be mediated by hedonic shopping values and utilitarian shopping values.

  • Park functioning, in terms of consistent visitations, can exist improved past implementing a market place positioning strategy, by investing in a combination of promotional activities and newer physical environs.

  • In the absence of close alternatives, visitors will search for any setting associated with satisfying their needs for relaxation.

  • To retain positioning, parks can implement an effective strategy of refreshing the visitor feel on a regular ground.

  • Newness and novelty tin be influenced past different factors such as the time interval between two visits, the elapsing of the trip, the periodicity of service usage, and private perceptual abilities.

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Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank the respondents who showed involvement in this study and interviewers who patiently filled out surveys.

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Submitted: Feb 27th, 2020 Reviewed: June 8th, 2020 Published: July sixth, 2020

© 2020 The Author(southward). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed nether the terms of the Artistic Eatables Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in whatsoever medium, provided the original piece of work is properly cited.

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